Biotechnology offers prospects in addressing problems concerned with agricultural productivity and environmental safety. In order to cope up with the ever increasing population of the current world, biotechnological intervention to supplement conventional plant breeding efforts is indispensable. Some of the issues that can be addressed using biotechnological techniques are crop production of superior quality, mass production of uniform planting materials, compensate land shortages and genetic improvement of the plant.

    A few of the advantages perceived in the use of biotechnology in agriculture are rapid multiplication of plant species, breeding of resistant varieties, diagnosis and control of disease in crop and livestock, utilization of crop residues and animal waste. Some of the disadvantages are high cost of research and development, endangering biodiversity, genetic erosion and lack of access for poor farmers to use new varieties. Thus, in introducing biotechnology in agriculture, it is vitally important to study and assess the overall circumstances, such as cost effectiveness and impact on environment.

    Agriculture is of primary importance in the National Development Program. Biotechnology, as a new frontier in agricultural sciences, has opened new avenues for the solution of agricultural problems. The application of biotechnology in agriculture offers many possibilities for filling the gaps found in conventional research methods and is therefore, not intended to replace all conventional methods, but to provide a more reliable approach in achieving economic gains. Many new tools are now available, particularly from research in the areas of molecular biology, genetic engineering, and cell and tissue culture as well as from intensive application of microbial technology. The initiation of research and development in agricultural biotechnology dates back to the late 1970s when tissue culture techniques such as embryo culture and anther culture were first introduced as means to produce virus-free crops and improve crop quality in the production of vegetables, flowers and fruit trees. Virus free potatoes, garlic and strawberry are already in the market for farmers. Production of high yielding rice varieties are good examples of success achieved by the use of anther culture techniques in rice varietal improvement.

    Various technical barriers that have to be overcome are the establishment of transformation systems in agriculturally important food crops and regeneration of fertile plants from transgenic plants. In the areas of gene manipulation and transformation, well trained scientists are needed. Most of the laboratories involved in plant biotechnology carry out tissue culture research, mainly the development of media protocols for micropropagation. Over the years, methodologies for disease elimination by meristem culture and / or micropropagation and in vitrogermplasm conservation have been developed for fruit crops （banana, strawberry and pineapple）, root and tuber crops （potato and sweet potato）, ornamentals, cut flowers （orchids, lilies） and a few medicinal plants. Research is also underway to perfect micropropagation technology for tree species which are endemic. Tea, potato and banana are being produced on a commercial scale using established micropropagation techniques. A near commercial line of sugarcane, resistant to smut, has been produced through in vitromutagenesis. Molecular biology approaches for crop improvement have been conducted with little success.

    Evidently, all the countries have been able to recognize their objectives and goals more clearly in the use of biotechnology in agriculture and have initiated appropriate policies to meet some of the challenges posed by critical areas in directing future development. It is hoped that biotechnological approaches in agriculture will provide ways and means of utilizing its full potential to benefit the community.

    生物技術(shù)在解決農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量和環(huán)境保護(hù)的問(wèn)題上有著很好的前景。為了解決日益急劇的人口問(wèn)題，生物技術(shù)的介入對(duì)于幫助傳統(tǒng)的養(yǎng)殖業(yè)是很重要的。一些可以通過(guò)生物技術(shù)解決的問(wèn)題包括高品質(zhì)的莊稼的生產(chǎn)，大規(guī)模同一種種植原料的生產(chǎn)，彌補(bǔ)土地資源的不足以及種植物的基因改進(jìn)。

    一些在農(nóng)業(yè)方面生物技術(shù)的使用已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)有種植種類(lèi)的增多，能培植具有抗性的品種，診斷并控制莊稼和家禽中的病癥，莊稼殘?jiān)�和家禽糞便的利用。一些缺點(diǎn)就是研究開(kāi)發(fā)成本高，對(duì)生物多樣性有害，基因種類(lèi)減少，對(duì)貧窮的農(nóng)民來(lái)說(shuō)缺少使用新品種的渠道。因此，在把生物技術(shù)介入農(nóng)業(yè)時(shí)，很重要的一點(diǎn)就是要對(duì)大環(huán)境做研究和評(píng)估分析，比如成本效益和對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。

    農(nóng)業(yè)在國(guó)家發(fā)展計(jì)劃中有著重要的地位。生物技術(shù)作為一門(mén)新的農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)，已經(jīng)為解決農(nóng)業(yè)問(wèn)題開(kāi)辟了新的道路。生物技術(shù)在農(nóng)業(yè)的應(yīng)用提供了填補(bǔ)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)研究方法缺陷的許多可能性，而這不是要完全取代傳統(tǒng)的研究方法，只是提供一個(gè)更可靠的方法來(lái)獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)收益�，F(xiàn)在有許多科學(xué)工具可以使用，尤其是從分子生物學(xué)，基因工程學(xué)和細(xì)胞組織培育學(xué)的研究，還有從微生物學(xué)的加強(qiáng)應(yīng)用。農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的生物技術(shù)研究與開(kāi)發(fā)最初可以追溯到20世紀(jì)70年代，那時(shí)候組織培育技術(shù)比如胚胎培育和花粉培育作為最先介入的手段來(lái)生產(chǎn)完全無(wú)病毒的農(nóng)作物和改善如蔬菜，花卉和水果的生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量。無(wú)病毒的土豆，洋蔥和草莓已經(jīng)有在農(nóng)民中有市場(chǎng)了，得到了農(nóng)民的認(rèn)可。高產(chǎn)量的稻類(lèi)品種就是花粉培育技術(shù)在稻子品種改善的成功案例。

    一些必須克服的技術(shù)障礙有：在重要的農(nóng)業(yè)食品種植物中轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)的建立和從轉(zhuǎn)基因種植物中優(yōu)質(zhì)的植物的再生。在基因種類(lèi)增長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)換的研究領(lǐng)域里，需要有專業(yè)技術(shù)的科學(xué)家。大多數(shù)參與種植物生物技術(shù)研究的實(shí)驗(yàn)室都會(huì)進(jìn)行組織培育的研究，主要是對(duì)微細(xì)增殖的媒介規(guī)律的開(kāi)發(fā)，經(jīng)過(guò)幾年的時(shí)間，通過(guò)分裂組織培育和細(xì)微增殖以及外胚質(zhì)保留的研究所得出的一套去除種植物病毒的方法結(jié)論已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于水果的種植中（比如香蕉，草莓和菠蘿）,還有根和莖種植物（土豆和甘薯）,觀賞性的植物，插花（蘭花，百合）以及一些藥草。還有一些用來(lái)完善地方性樹(shù)木的微細(xì)增殖技術(shù)應(yīng)用的研究也在進(jìn)行中。茶葉，土豆和香蕉在已有的細(xì)微增殖技術(shù)的幫助下已經(jīng)達(dá)到生產(chǎn)商業(yè)化了。還有一個(gè)比較接近的甘蔗商業(yè)化路線，生產(chǎn)過(guò)程無(wú)污染，已經(jīng)通過(guò)體外基因誘變技術(shù)開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)了。分子生物技術(shù)對(duì)于種植物改善還沒(méi)有取得很大的突破。

    很明顯，所有的國(guó)家應(yīng)經(jīng)更清晰地認(rèn)識(shí)到他們?cè)谵r(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域里的生物技術(shù)運(yùn)用的目標(biāo)，并采取了適當(dāng)?shù)恼�策�?lái)應(yīng)對(duì)來(lái)自未來(lái)發(fā)展關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域的挑戰(zhàn)。人們都希望農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的生物技術(shù)手段能發(fā)揮它所有的潛力來(lái)造福社會(huì)。