1. by表示在某特定的時間之前或不遲于某特定的時間,意為”最遲在;不遲于”或”在……之前”等。如:
①I will finish my task by nine.我將在九點鐘前完成任務(wù)。
②The plane takes off at 10:00, so you must try to be at the airport by 9:30.飛機(jī)在十點鐘起飛,所以你必須在九點半趕到機(jī)場。
2. until用在肯定句,謂語動詞通常是延續(xù)性動詞,如stand, stay, talk, wait等,表示主句動作終止的時間。如:
③I waited until he came back.我一直等到他回來。
④The war lasted until 1945.戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)到1945年。
如果用在否定句,謂語動詞通常是瞬間性動詞,如open, start, leave, arrive, finish, stop等,強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動作開始的時間。如:
⑤I didn’t leave the boy until his mother turned up.直到這孩子的母親來,我才離開。
⑥The noise of the street didn’t stop until it was midnight.街上的噪音直到半夜才停止。
(來源:滬江英語)