Ａ
安全網(wǎng) safety net
按可比口徑 on comparable basis
按輕重緩急 to prioritize
暗補(bǔ) implicit subsidy
暗虧 hidden loss
Ｂ
頒發(fā)營業(yè)執(zhí)照 to license; to grant a licence to
辦理存款業(yè)務(wù) to take deposits
保護(hù)農(nóng)民的生產(chǎn)積極性 to protect farmers´ incentive to produce
備付金（超額準(zhǔn)備金） excess reserves
本外幣并賬 consolidation of domestic and foreign currency accounts
本外幣對沖操作 sterilization operation
本位利益 localized interest; departmentalism
奔小康 to strive to prosper;to strive to become well-to-do
避稅（請見"逃稅"） tax avoidance
幣種搭配不當(dāng) currency mismatch
幣種構(gòu)成 currency composition
變相社會集資 disguised irregular (or illegal) fund raising
表外科目（業(yè)務(wù)） off-balance-sheet items (operation)
薄弱環(huán)節(jié) weaknesses; loopholes
不變成本 fixed cost
不變價 at constant price; in real terms
不動產(chǎn) real estate
不良貸款（資產(chǎn)） problem loans; non-performing loans (assets)
Ｃ
財(cái)務(wù)公司 finance companies
財(cái)政赤字 fiscal deficit
財(cái)政擠銀行 fiscal pressure on the central bank (over monetary policy)
財(cái)政政策與貨幣政策的配合 coordination of fiscal and monetary policies
采取循序漸進(jìn)的方法 in a phased and sequenced manner
操作彈性 operational flexibility
操縱匯率 to manipulate exchange rate
產(chǎn)品構(gòu)成 product composition; product mix
產(chǎn)品積壓 stock pile; excessive inventory
產(chǎn)銷率 current period inventory; (即期庫存，不含前期庫存) sales/outputratio
產(chǎn)銷銜接 marketability
產(chǎn)業(yè)政策 industrial policy
長期國債 treasury bonds
敞口頭寸 open position
炒股 to speculate in the stock market
承購包銷 underwrite (securities)
成套機(jī)電產(chǎn)品 complete sets of equipment; complete plant (s)
城市信用社 urban credit cooperatives (UCCs)
城市合作銀行 urban cooperative banks; municipal united banks
城市商業(yè)銀行 municipal commercial banks
城鄉(xiāng)居民收入增長超過物價漲幅 real growth in household income
持續(xù)升溫 persistent overheating
重復(fù)布點(diǎn) duplicate projects
重置成本 replacement cost
重組計(jì)劃 restructuring plan
籌資渠道 funding sources; financing channels
初見成效 initial success
出口統(tǒng)一管理、歸口經(jīng)營 canalization of exports
出口退稅 export tax rebate
儲蓄存款 household deposits (不完全等同于西方的 savings deposits, 前者包括活期存款，后者不包括。)
儲蓄分流 diversion of household deposits
儲源萎縮 decline in the availability of household savings
傳導(dǎo)機(jī)制 transmission mechanism
從價稅 ad valorem tax
從緊控制 tight control
存貸款比例 loan/deposit ratio
存款保險(xiǎn)體系 deposit insurance system
存款貨幣銀行 deposit money banks
存款準(zhǔn)備金 required reserves
Ｄ
打白條 issue IOU
大額存單 certificate of deposit (CD)
大額提現(xiàn) withdraw deposits in large amounts
大面積滑坡 wide-spread decline
大一統(tǒng)的銀行體制 (all-in-one) mono-bank system
呆賬（請見"壞賬"） bad loans
呆賬準(zhǔn)備金 loan loss reserves (provisions)
呆滯貸款 idle loans
貸款沉淀 non-performing loans
貸款分類 loan classification
貸款限額管理 credit control; to impose credit ceiling
貸款約束機(jī)制 credit disciplinary (constraint) mechanism
代理國庫 to act as fiscal agent
代理金融機(jī)構(gòu)貸款 make loans on behalf of other institutions
戴帽貸款 ear-marked loans
倒逼機(jī)制 reversed transmission of the pressure for easing monetary condition
道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn) moral hazard
地區(qū)差別 regional disparity
第一產(chǎn)業(yè) the primary industry
第二產(chǎn)業(yè) the secondary industry
第三產(chǎn)業(yè) the service industry; the tertiary industry
遞延資產(chǎn) deferrable assets
訂貨不足 insufficient orders
定期存款 time deposits
定向募集 raising funds from targeted sources
東道國（請見"母國"） host country
獨(dú)立核算 independent accounting
短期國債 treasury bills
對沖操作 sterilization operation; hedging
對非金融部門債權(quán) claims on non-financial sector
多種所有制形式 diversified ownership
Ｅ
惡性通貨膨脹 hyperinflation
二級市場 secondary market
Ｆ
發(fā)行貨幣 to issue currency
發(fā)行總股本 total stock issue
法定準(zhǔn)備金 required reserves; reserve requirement
法人股 institutional shares
法人股東 institutional shareholders
法治 rule of law
房地產(chǎn)投資 real estate investment
放松銀根 to ease monetary policy
非現(xiàn)場稽核 off-site surveillance (or monitoring)
非銀行金融機(jī)構(gòu) non-bank financial institutions
非贏利性機(jī)構(gòu) non-profit organizations
分稅制 assignment of central and local taxes; tax assignment system
分業(yè)經(jīng)營 segregation of financial business (services); division of business scope based on the type of financial institutions
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)暴露（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)敞口） risk exposure
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理 risk management
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)意識 risk awarenes
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本比例 risk-weighted capital ratios
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本標(biāo)準(zhǔn) risk-based capital standard
服務(wù)事業(yè)收入 public service charges; user´s charges
扶貧 poverty alleviation
負(fù)增長 negative growth
復(fù)式預(yù)算制 double-entry budgeting; capital and current budgetary account
Ｇ
改革試點(diǎn) reform experimentation
杠桿率 leverage ratio
杠桿收購 leveraged buyout
高息集資 to raise funds by offering high interest
個人股 non-institutional shares
根本扭轉(zhuǎn) fundamental turnaround (or reversal)
公開市場操作 open market operations
公款私存 deposit public funds in personal accounts
公用事業(yè) public utilities
公有經(jīng)濟(jì) the state-owned sector; the public sector
公有制 public ownership
工業(yè)成本利潤率 profit-to-cost ratio
工業(yè)增加值 industrial value added
供大于求 supply exceeding demand; excessive supply
鼓勵措施 incentives
股份合作企業(yè) joint-equity cooperative enterprises
股份制企業(yè) joint-equity enterprises
股份制銀行 joint-equity banks
固定資產(chǎn)貸款 fixed asset loans
關(guān)稅減免 tariff reduction and exemption
關(guān)稅減讓 tariff concessions
關(guān)稅優(yōu)惠 tariff incentives; preferential tariff treatment
規(guī)范行為 to regularize (or standardize)...behavior
規(guī)模效益 economies of scale
國計(jì)民生 national interest and people´s livelihood
國家對個人其他支出 other government outlays to individuals
國家風(fēng)險(xiǎn) country risk
國際分工 international division of labor
國際收支 balance of payments
國有獨(dú)資商業(yè)銀行 wholly state-owned commercial banks
國有經(jīng)濟(jì)（部門） the state-owned (or public) sector
國有企業(yè) state-owned enterprises (SOEs)
國有制 state-ownership
國有資產(chǎn)流失 erosion of state assets
國債回購 government securities repurchase
國債一級自營商 primary underwriters of government securities
過度競爭 excessive competition
過度膨脹 excessive expansion
過熱跡象 signs of overheating
Ｈ
合理預(yù)期 rational expectation
核心資本 core capital
合資企業(yè) joint-venture enterprises
紅利 dividend
宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)營良好 sound macroeconomic performance
宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)基本狀況 macroeconomic fundamentals
宏觀調(diào)控 macroeconomic management (or adjustment)
宏觀調(diào)控目標(biāo) macroeconomic objectives (or targets)
壞賬 bad debt
還本付息 debt service
換匯成本 unit export cost;local currency cost of export earnings
匯兌在途 funds in float
匯兌支出 advance payment of remittance by the beneficiary´s bank
匯率并軌 unification of exchange rates
活期存款 demand deposits
匯率失調(diào) exchange rate misalignment
混合所有制 diversified (mixed) ownership
貨幣政策態(tài)勢 monetary policy stance
貨款拖欠 overdue obligations to suppliers
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基本建設(shè)投資 investment in infrastructure
基本經(jīng)濟(jì)要素 economic fundamentals
基本適度 broadly appropriate
基準(zhǔn)利率 benchmark interest rate
機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體存款 deposits of non-profit institutions
機(jī)會成本 opportunity cost
激勵機(jī)制 incentive mechanism
積壓嚴(yán)重 heavy stockpile; excessive inventory
擠提存款 run on banks
擠占挪用 unwarranted diversion of (financial) resources(from designated uses)
技改投資 investment in technological upgrading
技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)品 technology-intensive product
計(jì)劃單列市 municipalities with independent planning status
計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì) planned economy
集體經(jīng)濟(jì) the collective sector
加大結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整力度 to intensify structural adjustment
加工貿(mào)易 processing trade
加快態(tài)勢 accelerating trend
加強(qiáng)稅收征管稽查 to enhance tax administration
加權(quán)價 weighted average price
價格放開 price liberalization
價格形成機(jī)制 pricing mechanism
減虧 to reduce losses
簡化手續(xù) to cut red tape; to simplify (streamline) procedures
交投活躍 brisk trading
繳存準(zhǔn)備金 to deposit required reserves
結(jié)構(gòu)扭曲 structural distortion
結(jié)構(gòu)失調(diào) structural imbalance
結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾突出 acute structural imbalance
結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化 structural improvement (optimization)
結(jié)匯、售匯 sale and purchase of foreign exchange
金融脆弱 financial fragility
金融動蕩 financial turbulence
金融風(fēng)波 financial disturbance
金融恐慌 financial panic
金融危機(jī) financial crisis
金融壓抑 financial repression
金融衍生物 financial derivatives
金融詐騙 financial fraud
緊縮銀根 to tighten monetary policy
緊縮政策 austerity policies; tight financial policies
經(jīng)常賬戶可兌換 current account convertibility
經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū) special economic zones (SEZs)
經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革 economic reform
經(jīng)濟(jì)增長方式的轉(zhuǎn)變 change in the main source of economic growth (from investment expansion to efficiency gains)
經(jīng)濟(jì)增長減速 economic slowdown;moderation in economic growth
經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁 economic sanction
經(jīng)營自主權(quán) autonomy in management
景氣回升 recovery in business activity
境外投資 overseas investment
競爭加劇 intensifying competition
局部性金融風(fēng)波 localized (isolated) financial disturbance
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開辦人民幣業(yè)務(wù) to engage in RMB business
可維持（可持續(xù)）經(jīng)濟(jì)增長 sustainable economic growth
可變成本 variable cost
可自由兌換貨幣 freely convertible currency
控制現(xiàn)金投放 control currency issuance
扣除物價因素 in real terms; on inflation-adjusted basis
庫存產(chǎn)品 inventory
跨國銀行業(yè)務(wù) cross-border banking
跨年度采購 cross-year procurement
會計(jì)準(zhǔn)則 accounting standard
Ｌ
來料加工 processing of imported materials for export
離岸銀行業(yè)務(wù) off-shore banking (business)
理順外貿(mào)體制 to rationalize foreign trade regime
利率杠桿的調(diào)節(jié)作用 the role of interest rates in resource allocation
利潤驅(qū)動 profit-driven
利息回收率 interest collection ratio
聯(lián)行清算 inter-bank settlement
連鎖企業(yè) franchise (businesses); chain businesses
良性循環(huán) virtuous cycle
兩極分化 growing income disparity;polarization in income distribution
零售物價指數(shù) retail price index (RPI)
流動性比例 liquidity ratio
流動資產(chǎn)周轉(zhuǎn)率／流通速度 velocity of liquid assets
流動資金貸款 working capital loans
流通體制 distribution system
流通網(wǎng)絡(luò) distribution network
留購（租賃期滿時承租人可購買租賃物） hire purchase
壟斷行業(yè) monopolized industry (sector)
亂集資 irregular (illegal) fund raising
亂收費(fèi) irregular (illegal) charges
亂攤派 unjustified (arbitrary) levies
　
Ｍ
買方市場 buyer´s market
賣方市場 seller´s market
賣出回購證券 matched sale of repo
貿(mào)易差額 trade balance
民間信用 non-institutionalized credit
免二減三 exemption of income tax for the first two years of making profit and 50% tax reduction for the following three years
明補(bǔ) explicit subsidy
明虧 explicit loss
名牌產(chǎn)品 brand products
母國（請見"東道國"） home country
Ｎ
內(nèi)部控制 internal control
內(nèi)部審計(jì) internal audit
內(nèi)地與香港 the mainland and Hong Kong
內(nèi)債 domestic debt
扭虧為盈 to turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one
扭曲金融分配 distorted allocation of financial resources
農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品采購支出 outlays for agricultural procurement
農(nóng)村信用社 rural credit cooperatives (RCCs)
Ｐ
泡沫效應(yīng) bubble effect
泡沫經(jīng)濟(jì) bubble economy
培育新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長點(diǎn) to tap new sources of economic growth
片面追求發(fā)展速度 excessive pursuit of growth
平衡發(fā)展 balanced development
瓶頸制約 bottleneck (constraints)
平穩(wěn)回升 steady recovery
鋪底流動資金 initial (start-up) working capital
普遍回升 broad-based recovery
配套改革 concomitant (supporting) reforms
配套人民幣資金 local currency funding of...
Ｑ
企業(yè)辦社會 enterprises burdened with social responsibilities
企業(yè)集團(tuán)戰(zhàn)略 corporate group strategy
企業(yè)兼并重組 company merger and restructuring
企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子 enterprise management
企業(yè)所得稅 enterprise (corporate) income tax
企業(yè)效益 corporate profitability
企業(yè)資金違規(guī)流入股市 irregular flow of enterprise funds into the stock market
欠稅 tax arrears
欠息 overdue interest
強(qiáng)化稅收征管 to strengthen tax administration
強(qiáng)制措施 enforcement action
翹尾因素 carryover effect
切一刀 partial application
清理收回貸款 clean up and recover loans
（破產(chǎn)）清算 liquidation
傾斜政策 preferential policy
區(qū)別對待 differential treatment
趨勢加強(qiáng) intensifying trend
全球化 globalization
權(quán)益回報(bào)率 returns on equity (ROE)
缺乏后勁 unsustainable momentum
Ｒ
繞規(guī)模貸款 to circumvent credit ceiling
人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 per capita GDP
人均收入 per capita income
人民幣升值壓力 upward pressure on the Renminbi (exchange rate)
認(rèn)繳資本 subscribed capital
軟貸款 soft loans
軟預(yù)算約束 soft budget constraint
軟著陸 soft landing
　
Ｓ
三角債 chain debts; inter-enterprise arrears
善政廉政 good governance
商業(yè)貸款 commercial loans
上市公司 (publicly) listed corporations
設(shè)備利用 capacity utilization
社會保障 social safety net; social security (insurance)
深層次矛盾 deep-rooted structural imbalance
審批金融機(jī)構(gòu) to license financial institutions
審慎監(jiān)管 prudential supervision
生產(chǎn)能力閑置 unutilized capacity
生息資產(chǎn) interest-bearing assets
實(shí)際利用外資 disbursement of foreign capital;actual inflow of foreign investment
實(shí)際有效匯率 real effective exchange rate
實(shí)時 real time
實(shí)收資本 paid-in capital
實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤 realized profit
市場分割 market segmentation
市場經(jīng)濟(jì) market economy
市場占有率（市場份額） market share
市場準(zhǔn)入 market access (指商品和勞務(wù)的進(jìn)入);market entry (指機(jī)構(gòu)的審批)
市價總值 market capitalization
適度從緊 appropriately tight
適時調(diào)節(jié) timely adjustment
收回對金融機(jī)構(gòu)貸款 to recall central bank loans (to financial institutions)
稅后還貸 amortization (repayment of loans) after tax
稅收流失 tax erosion
稅源不足 weak tax base
私營經(jīng)濟(jì)（私人經(jīng)濟(jì)） the private sector
私有制 private ownership
所有者權(quán)益 owner´s equity
Ｔ
逃稅（請見"避稅"） tax evasion
套匯 （１）指合法：currency swap; arbitrage
（２）指非法：illegal purchase of foreign exchange
剔除季節(jié)性因素 seasonally adjusted
調(diào)節(jié)流動性 to influence liquidity level
貼現(xiàn)窗口 discount window
同比 on year-on-year basis;over the same period of the previous year
同業(yè)拆借（放） inter-bank borrowing (lending)
同業(yè)拆借市場利率（中國） CHIBOR (China inter-bank offered rate)
同業(yè)融通票據(jù) inter-bank financing bills
同業(yè)往來 inter-bank transactions
透支 overdraft
退稅 tax refund (rebate)
頭寸 position
吞吐基礎(chǔ)貨幣 adjustment of monetary base
脫媒現(xiàn)象 disintermediation
Ｗ
外部審計(jì) external audit
外國直接投資 foreign direct investment (FDI)
外匯儲備 foreign exchange reserves
外匯調(diào)劑 foreign exchange swap
外匯占款 the RMB counterpart of foreign exchange reserves;the RMB equivalent of offcial foreign exchange holdings
外向型經(jīng)濟(jì) export-oriented economy
外債 external debt
外資企業(yè) foreign-funded enterprises
完善現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度 to improve the modern enterprise system
完稅憑證 tax payment documentation
違法經(jīng)營 illegal business
委托存款 entrusted deposits
穩(wěn)步增長 steady growth
穩(wěn)健的銀行系統(tǒng) a sound banking system
穩(wěn)中求進(jìn) to make progress while ensuring stability
無紙交易 book-entry (or paperless/scriptless) transaction
物價監(jiān)測 price monitoring
Ｘ
吸納流動性 to absorb liquidity
稀缺經(jīng)濟(jì) scarcity economy
洗錢 money laundering
系統(tǒng)內(nèi)調(diào)度 fund allocation within a bank
系統(tǒng)性金融危機(jī) systemic financial crisis
下崗工人 laid-off employees
下游企業(yè) down-stream enterprises
現(xiàn)場稽核 on-site examination
現(xiàn)金滯留（居民手中） cash held outside the banking system
鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè) township and village enterprises (TVEs)
消費(fèi)物價指數(shù) consumer price index (CPI)
消費(fèi)稅 excise (consumption) tax
消滅財(cái)政赤字 to balance the budget; to eliminate fiscal deficit
銷貨款回籠 reflow of corporate sales income to the banking system
銷售平淡 lackluster sales
協(xié)議外資金額 committed amount of foreign investment
新經(jīng)濟(jì)增長點(diǎn) new sources of economic growth
新開工項(xiàng)目 new projects; newly started projects
新增貸款 incremental credit; loan increment; credit growth;credit expansion
新增就業(yè)位置 new jobs; new job opportunities
信貸規(guī)模考核 review the compliance with credit ceilings
信號失真 distorted signals
信托投資公司 trust and investment companies
信息不對稱 information asymmetry
信息反饋 feedback (information)
信息共享系統(tǒng) information sharing system
信息披露 information disclosure
信用擴(kuò)張 credir expansion
信用評級 credit rating
姓"資"還是姓"社" pertaining to socialism or capitalism; socialist or captialist
行政措施 administrative measures
需求膨脹 demand expansion; excessive demand
虛偽存款 window-dressing deposits
削減冗員 to shed excess labor force
尋租 rent seeking
迅速反彈 quick rebound
　
Ｙ
養(yǎng)老基金 pension fund
一刀切 universal application; non-discretionary implementation
一級市場 primary market
應(yīng)收未收利息 overdue interest
銀行網(wǎng)點(diǎn) banking outlets
贏利能力 profitability
營業(yè)稅 business tax
硬貸款（商業(yè)貸款） commercial loans
用地審批 to grant land use right
有管理的浮動匯率 managed floating exchange rate
證券投資 portfolio investment
游資（熱錢） hot money
有市場的產(chǎn)品 marketable products
有效供給 effective supply
誘發(fā)新一輪經(jīng)濟(jì)擴(kuò)張 trigger a new round of economic expansion
逾期貸款 overdue loans; past-due loans
與國際慣例接軌 to become compatible with internationally accepted practices
與國際市場接軌 to integrate with the world market
預(yù)算外支出（收入） off-budget (extra-budgetary) expenditure (revenue)
預(yù)調(diào) pre-emptive adjustment
月環(huán)比 on a month-on-month basis; on a monthly basis
Ｚ
再貸款 central bank lending
在國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)儲備頭寸 reserve position in international financial institutions
在人行存款 deposits at (with) the central bank
在途資金 fund in float
增加農(nóng)業(yè)投入 to increase investment in agriculture
增勢減緩 deceleration of growth; moderation of growth momentum
增收節(jié)支措施 revenue-enhancing and expenditure control measures
增長平穩(wěn) steady growth
增值稅 value-added tax (VAT)
漲幅偏高 higher-than-desirable growth rate; excessive growth
賬外賬 concealed accounts
折舊 depreciation
整頓 retrenchment; consolidation
政策工具 policy instrument
政策性業(yè)務(wù) policy-related operations
政策性銀行 policy banks
政策組合 policy mix
政府干預(yù) government intervention
證券交易清算 settlement of securities transactions
證券業(yè)務(wù)占款 funding of securities purchase
支付困難 payment difficulty
支付能力 payment capacity
直接調(diào)控方式向 to increase the reliance on indirect policy instruments
間接調(diào)控方式轉(zhuǎn)變
職能轉(zhuǎn)換 transformation of functions
職業(yè)道德 professional ethics
指令性措施 mandatory measures
指令性計(jì)劃 mandatory plan; administered plan
制定和實(shí)施貨幣政策 to conduct monetary policy; to formulate and implement monetary policy
滯后影響 lagged effect
中介機(jī)構(gòu) intermediaries
中央與地方財(cái)政 delineation of fiscal responsibilities
分灶吃飯重點(diǎn)建設(shè) key construction projects; key investment project
周期谷底 bottom (trough) of business cycle
周轉(zhuǎn)速度 velocity
主辦銀行 main bank
主權(quán)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) sovereign risk
注冊資本 registered capital
逐步到位 to phase in; phased implementation
逐步取消 to phase out
抓大放小 to seize the big and free the small (to maintain close oversight on the large state-ownedenterprises and subject smaller ones to market competition)
�？顚Ｓ� use of funds as ear-marked
轉(zhuǎn)貸 on-lending
轉(zhuǎn)軌經(jīng)濟(jì) transition economy
轉(zhuǎn)機(jī) turnaround
轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)頭 turning point
準(zhǔn)財(cái)政赤字 quasi-fiscal deficit
準(zhǔn)貨幣 quasi-money
資本不足 under-capitalized
資本充足率 capital adequacy ratio
資本利潤率 return on capital
資本賬戶可兌換 capital account convertibility
資不抵債 insolvent; insolvency
資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表 balance sheet
資產(chǎn)負(fù)債率 liability/asset ratio; ratio of liabilities to assets
資產(chǎn)集中 asset concentration
資產(chǎn)貢獻(xiàn)率 asset contribution factor
資產(chǎn)利潤率 return on assets (ROA)
資產(chǎn)質(zhì)量 asset quality
資產(chǎn)組合 asset portfolio
資金成本 cost of funding; cost of capital; financing cost
資金到位 fully funded (project)
資金寬裕 to have sufficient funds
資金利用率 fund utilization rate
資金缺口 financing gap
資金體外循環(huán) financial disintermediation
資金占壓 funds tied up
自籌投資項(xiàng)目 self-financed projects
自有資金 equity fund
綜合國力 overall national strength (often measured by GDP)
綜合效益指標(biāo) overall efficiency indicator
綜合治理 comprehensive adjustment (retrenchment); over-haul
總成交額 total contract value
總交易量 total amount of transactions
總成本 total cost
最后貸款人 lender of last resort